{{Infobox Country or territory
|native_name = Reino de España
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Spain
|common_name = Spain
|image_flag = Flag of Spain.svg
|image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
|image_map = Location Spain EU Europe.png
|map_caption = |national_motto =
(Latin)
"Further Beyond"
|national_anthem =
1(Spanish)
"Royal March"
|official_languages = Spanish, Catalan, Basque and Galician|demonym = Spanish, Spaniard
|capital = Madrid
|latd=40 |latm=26 |latNS=N |longd=3 |longm=42 |longEW=W
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = Constitutional monarchy
|leader_title1 = Head of State
|leader_title2 = President of
the Government
|leader_name1 = King Juan Carlos I
|leader_name2 =
|sovereignty_type = Formation
|sovereignty_note = 15th century
|established_event1 = Dynastic union
|established_date1 = 1516
|established_event2 = Unification
|established_date2 = 1469
|established_event3 = ''de facto''
|established_date3 = 1716
|established_event4 = ''de jure''
|established_date4 = 1812
|accessionEUdate = January 1 1986
|EUseats = 54
|area_km2 = 504,030
|area_sq_mi = 195,364
|area_rank = 51st
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|percent_water = 1.04
|population_estimate = 45,116,894
|population_estimate_year = 2007
|population_estimate_rank = 28th
|population_density_km2 = 79 people per km2
|population_density_sq_mi = 220
|population_density_rank = 106th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2006[World Bank World Development Indicators 2007 ]
|GDP_PPP = $1.261 trillion
|GDP_PPP_rank = 11th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $27,950 (2005)
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 27th
|GDP_nominal = $1.224 trillion
|GDP_nominal_rank = 9th
|GDP_nominal_year = 2006[World Bank World Development Indicators 2007 ]
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $27,767 (2006)
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 26th
|HDI_year = 2004
|HDI = 0.938
|HDI_rank = 19th
|HDI_category = high
|Gini = 34.7
|Gini_year = 2000
|Gini_category = medium
|currency = Euro (€)³
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = CET4
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = CEST
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld = .es5
|calling_code = 34
|footnote1 = Also serves as the Royal anthem.
|footnote2 = In some autonomous communities, Aranese (Occitan), Basque, Catalan and Galician are co-official languages.
|footnote3 = Prior to 1999 (by law, 2002): Spanish Peseta.
|footnote4 = Except in the Canary Islands, which are in the WET time zone (UTC, UTC+1 in summer).
|footnote5 = The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.
}}
Spain (, ), is a Western European country. The country consists of Peninsular Spain which is located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, two archipelagos, one in each sea, and two autonomous cities in North Africa.
The Spanish mainland is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and east, by the Cantabric Sea that includes the Bay of Biscay to the north, and by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal to the west. Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands off the African coast. It shares land borders with Portugal, France, Andorra, the British colony of Gibraltar, and Morocco. It is the largest of the three sovereign states that make up the Iberian Peninsula — the others being Portugal and Andorra. With an area of 504,030 km², Spain is the second largest country in Western Europe (behind France).
Spain is a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, and has been a member of the European Union since 1986. It is a developed country with the ninth largest economy in the world and fifth largest in the EU.[Rank by nominal GDP: 9 (2006); Rank by GDP per capita: 26 (2006); Rank by GDP at purchasing power parity per capita: 26 (2005).]
History
Spain has a very ancient and complex prehistory. Under the Roman empire
Hispania flourished and became one of the empire's most important regions. During the early
Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule. Later, nearly the entire peninsula came under Muslim rulers. Through a long process Christian kingdoms in the north gradually rolled back Muslim rule, which was finally extinguished in 1492. That year Columbus reached the Americas, the beginnings of the first global empire. Spain became the strongest kingdom in Europe in the sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth centuries but continued wars and other problems eventually led to a diminished status. In the middle decades of the twentieth century it came under a dictatorship, under which it went through many years of stagnation and then a spectacular economic revival. In 1986 it joined the European Union and has experienced an economic and cultural renaissance.
Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples in the Iberian Peninsula
Modern humans in the form of
Cro-Magnons began arriving in the Iberian Peninsula from the
Pyrenees some 35,000 years ago. The best known artifacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the
Altamira cave of Cantabria in northern Spain, which were created about 15,000
BCE. New archeological research at
Atapuerca indicates that the Iberian Peninsula was peopled more than a million years ago.
The two main historical peoples of the peninsula were the
Iberians and the
Celts, the former inhabiting the Mediterranean side from the northeast to the southwest, the latter inhabiting the Atlantic side, in the north and northwest part of the peninsula. In the inner part of the peninsula, where both groups were in contact, a mixed, distinctive, culture was present, known as
Celtiberian. Different names of places witness their geographical distribution. Celts founded military forts (from the Celt "briga" = fortress) that later evolved into cities such as
Coimbra,
Braga, and
Segovia.
The Iberians gave their name to Spain's longest river
Ebro (or "Iberian river") and to cities such as Ilici (present-day
Elche) and Ilerda (
Lérida). In addition,
Basques occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountains, although some geographical names attest their presence as far south as
Aranjuez, a name that originates in the
Basque words ''aran zuri'' ("valley of thorns") and contemporary Basque ''aranzazu'' (thorn, thistle). Other ethnic groups existed along the southern coastal areas of present day
Andalusia. Among these southern groups there grew the earliest urban culture in the Iberian Peninsula, that of the semi-mythical southern city of
Tartessos (perhaps pre-1100 BC) near the location of present-day
Cádiz. The flourishing trade in gold and silver between the people of Tartessos and Phoenicians and Greeks is documented in the history of
Strabo and in the biblical book of king Solomon. Between about 500 BC and 300 BC, the seafaring
Phoenicians and
Greeks founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. These colonies include present-day cities like
Empúries (from the Greek word 'emporion'),
Malaga (from the Phoenician word 'malaka' for salt, as fish was salted in the harbour), and the city of
Alicante, originally named in Greek
Akra Leuka (ie, white bay). Phoenicians from the African city of
Carthage (
Carthaginians) briefly took control of much of the Mediterranean coast in the course of the
Punic Wars until they were eventually defeated and replaced by the Romans.
Cartaginians created important cities in the Mediterranean litoral, including 'Cartago nova' or 'New Carthage' (present-day
Cartagena) and a city in the northeast founded by
Hannibal's father
Hamilcar Barca. Hamilcar named the city Barcino, after his family; the city is present day
Barcelona.
Roman Empire and Germanic invasions
During the
Second Punic War, an expanding
Roman Empire captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast (from roughly 210 BC to 205 BC), leading to eventual Roman control of nearly the entire Iberian Peninsula – a control which lasted over 500 years, bound together by law, language, and the
Roman road.
The base Celt and Iberian population remained in various stages of
Romanisation,
[ The ''latifundia'' (sing., ''latifundium''), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system.] and local leaders were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.
The Romans improved existing cities, such as
Lisbon (''Olissis bona'' or 'good for Ulysses') and
Tarragona (''Tarraco''), and established
Zaragoza (''Caesaraugusta''),
Mérida (''Augusta Emerita''),
Valencia (''Valentia''),
León ("Legio Septima"),
Badajoz ("Pax Augusta"), and
Palencia (Παλλαντία, "Pallas Ateneia").
[ The Roman provinces of Hispania included ''Provincia Hispania Ulterior Baetica (Hispania Baetica)'', whose capital was Corduba, presently Córdoba, ''Provincia Hispania Ulterior Lusitania'' (Hispania Lusitania), whose capital was Emerita Augusta (now Mérida), ''Provincia Hispania Citerior'', whose capital was Tarraco (Tarragona), ''Provincia Hispania Nova'', whose capital was Tingis (Tánger in present Morocco), ''Provincia Hispania Nova Citerior'' and ''Asturiae-Calleciae'' (these latter two provinces were created and then dissolved in the third century CE).] The peninsula's economy expanded under Roman tutelage. Hispania served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors exported
gold,
wool,
olive oil, and
wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors
Trajan,
Hadrian, and
Theodosius I, and the philosopher
Seneca were born in Hispania.
[ The poets Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were also born in Hispania.] Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the first century CE and it became popular in the cities in the second century CE.
Most of Spain's present languages and religion, and the basis of its laws, originate from this period.
The first
Barbarians to invade Hispania arrived in the 5th century, as the
Roman empire decayed.
The
Visigoths,
Suebi,
Vandals and
Alans arrived in Spain by crossing the Pyrenees mountain range.
[ This led to the establishment of the Suebi Kingdom in Gallaecia, in the northwest, the Vandal kingdom of Vandalucia (Andalusia) and the Visigothic Kingdom in Toledo.] The romanised Visigoths entered Hispania in 415. After the conversion of their monarchy to
Roman Catholicism, the Visigothic Kingdom eventually encompassed a great part of the Iberian Peninsula after conquering the disordered Suebic territories in the northwest and
Byzantine territories in the southeast.
Muslim Iberia
In the 8th century, nearly all the
Iberian peninsula was quickly
conquered (711–718) by mainly
Berber Muslims (see
Moors) from North Africa. These conquests were part of the expansion of the
Islamic
Umayyad Empire.
[ The Moorish armies continued northwards until they were defeated in central France at the Battle of Tours in 732.] Only three small areas in the mountains of northern Spain managed to cling to their independence:
Asturias,
Navarra and
Aragon.
Under
Islam, Christians and Jews were recognised as
peoples of the book, and were free to practice their religion, but faced some
discriminations.
[The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries ][The Forgotten Refugees ][The Almohads ] Conversion to Islam proceeded at a steadily increasing pace, starting with the aristocracy, as it offered an escape from the limitations and humiliations of their
dhimmi status. With mass conversions in the 10th and 11th centuries Muslims are believed to have come to outnumber Christians in Al-Andalus.
The
11th century saw Muslim
pogroms against
Jews; those occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in
Granada in 1066.
[Frederick M. Schweitzer, Marvin Perry., ''Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0312165617, pp. 267-268.][Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, ''Jewish Encyclopedia''. 1906 ed. ]
The Muslim community in Spain was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. The
Berber people of North Africa, who had provided the bulk of the invading armies,
clashed with the Arab leadership from the
Middle East.
[ The Berbers soon gave up attempting to settle the harsh lands in the north of the Meseta Central handed to them by the Arab rulers.] Over time, large Moorish populations became established, especially in the
Guadalquivir River valley, the coastal plain of
Valencia, and (towards the end of this period) in the mountainous region of
Granada.
, Muslim Spain's capital, was the largest, richest and most sophisticated city of
medieval Europe.
[ It was not until the 12th century that western medieval Christendom began reaching comparable levels of sophistication, and this was due in to a great extent to the stimulus coming from Muslim Spain.] Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa. Muslim and Jewish scholars played a great part in reviving and expanding classical
Greek learning in Western Europe. Spain's
romanised cultures interacted with Muslim and Jewish cultures in complex ways, thus giving Spain a distinctive culture.
Outside the cities, the land ownership system from Roman times remained largely intact as Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners, and new crops and techniques led to a remarkable expansion of agriculture.
However, by the 11th century, Muslim holdings had fractured into rival
Taifa kingdoms.
The arrival of the
North African Muslim ruling empires of the
Almoravids and the
Almohads restored unity upon Muslim holdings, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, but ultimately, after some initial successes in invading the north, proved unable to resist the increasing military strength of the Christian states.
Fall of Muslim rule and unification
The term ''Reconquista'' ("Reconquest") is used to describe the centuries-long period of expansion of Spain's Christian kingdoms; the ''Reconquista'' is viewed as beginning after the battle of
Covadonga in 722. The Christian army victory over the Muslim forces lead to the creation of the Christian
Kingdom of Asturias. Muslim armies had also moved north of the Pyrenees, but they were defeated at the battle of
Poitiers in France. Subsequently, they retreated to more secure positions south of the Pyrenees with a frontier marked by the
Ebro and
Duero rivers in Spain. In the following years Christian armies moved to occupy and colonized the vacant areas. As early as 739, Muslim forces left
Galicia, which was to host one of medieval Christianity's holiest sites,
Santiago de Compostela. A little later
Frankish forces established Christian counties south of the Pyrenees; these areas were to grow into kingdoms, in the north-east and the western part of the Pyrenees. These territories included Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia.
The breakup of Al-Andalus into the competing Taifa kingdoms helped the expanding Christian kingdoms, namely Castille that would become the main driving force in the Reconquista. The capture of the central city of
Toledo in 1085 largely completed the reconquest of the northern half of Spain.
[Initially, as the ''Reconquista'' advanced south, different religions were respected and several Castilian kings in subsequent years (Ferdinand III, Alfphonse X the Sage, Peter I) named themselves 'king of the three peoples' or 'king of the three religions'. Only rarely mosques and synagogues were converted into churches before 1492, and some areas of Christian Spain had large Muslim and Jewish populations that were a substantial component in the economic activity. However, famed preachers like Vincent Ferrer and Thomas of Villanova illustrate the zeal with which the new dominant Christian religion attempted mass conversions in the occupied territories. Forced mass conversions to Islam under the Almohads predates it Christian counterpart, and caused large numbers of Christians to migrate into the north. Indeed they brought many of the Moorish influences in art, architecture and food with them.] After a Muslim resurgence in the 12th century, the great Moorish strongholds in the south fell to Christian Spain in the 13th century—
Córdoba in 1236 and
Seville in 1248—leaving only the Muslim enclave of
Granada as a
tributary state in the south.
Also in the 13th century, the kingdom of
Aragón expanded its reach across the Mediterranean to
Sicily.
In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of
Castile and
Aragón were united by the
marriage of
Isabella and
Ferdinand. In 1478 began the final stage of the conquest of
Canary Islands and in 1492, these united kingdoms captured Granada, ending the last remnant of a 781-year presence of Islamic rule on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Treaty of Granada (''see'' The Treaty of Granada, 1492 ) guaranteed religious tolerance toward Muslims.] The year 1492 also marked the arrival in the
New World of
Christopher Columbus, during a voyage funded by Isabella. That same year,
Spain's Jews were ordered to convert into the Christian religion or face expulsion from Spanish territories;
expelled[ Muslims were expelled in a lengthier process beginning in 1502, and ending as late as 1609-1614.] during the
Spanish Inquisition.
As
Renaissance New Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand centralised royal power at the expense of local nobility, and the word ''España'' - whose root is the ancient name "Hispania" - began to be used to designate the whole of the two kingdoms.
With their wide-ranging political, legal, religious and military reforms, Spain emerged as a world
great power.
From the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century
The unification of the kingdoms of Aragón, Castile,
León, and
Navarre laid the basis for modern Spain and the
Spanish Empire. Spain became Europe's leading power throughout the
16th century and most of the
17th century, a position later reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions. Spain reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs (
Charles I (1516-1556) and
Philip II (1556-1598)). Included in this period are the
Italian Wars, the
Dutch revolt, clashes with the
Ottomans, the
Anglo-Spanish war and war with France.
The Spanish Empire expanded to include nearly all of
South and
Central America,
Mexico, southern and western portions of today's
United States, the
Philippines,
Guam and the
Mariana Islands in
Eastern Asia, the Iberian peninsula (including the
Portuguese empire (from 1580)), southern
Italy,
Sicily, cities in Northern Africa, as well as parts of modern
Germany,
Belgium,
Luxembourg, and the
Netherlands. It was the first empire about which it was said that
the sun did not set. This was an
age of discovery, with daring explorations by sea and by land, the opening up of new trade routes across oceans, conquests and the beginning of
European colonial exploitation. Along with the arrival of precious metals, spices, luxuries, and new agricultural plants, Spanish explorers and others brought back knowledge, playing a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the world.
Of note was the cultural efflorescence now known as the
Spanish Golden Age and the intellectual movement known as the
School of Salamanca.
In the 16th and 17th centuries Spain was confronted by unrelenting challenges from all sides. In the early 16th century
Barbary pirates under the aegis of the rapidly growing
Ottoman empire, disrupted life in many coastal areas through their
slave raids and renewed the threat of an
Islamic invasion.
[The coastal villages and towns of Spain and Mediterranean islands were frequently attacked by Barbary pirates from North Africa, who were under the aegis of the Ottoman empire. The Formentera was even temporarily left by its population and long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. In 1514, 1515 and 1521 coasts of the Balearic Islands and the Spanish mainland were raided by the Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by North African pirates and sold as slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries. These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages in Spain, Italy and Portugal.] This at a time when Spain was often at war with France in Italy and elsewhere. Later the Protestant
Reformation schism from the Catholic Church dragged the kingdom ever more into the mire of religiously charged wars. The result was a country forced into ever expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean.
By the middle decades of a war-ridden mid-17th century Europe, the effects of the strain began to show. The Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in the continent wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the European economy generally. Spain managed to hold on to the majority of the scattered
Habsburg empire, and help the Imperial forces of the
Holy Roman Empire reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the independence of Portugal - with its empire - and the
Netherlands, and eventually began to surrender territories to France after the immensely destructive, Europe-wide
Thirty Years War.
From the 1640s Spain went into a gradual but seemingly irreversible decline for the remainder of the century, however it was able to maintain and enlarge its vast overseas empire which remained intact until the 19th century.
Controversy over succession to the throne consumed the first years of the 18th century. The
War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714), a wide ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, cost Spain its European possessions and its position as one of the leading powers on the Continent (although it retained its overseas territories).
During this war, a new dynasty—the
French Bourbons—was installed. Long united only by the Crown, a true ''Spanish'' state was established when the first Bourbon king
Philip V of Spain united Castile and Aragon into a single state, abolishing many of the regional privileges (
fueros).
The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and some increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The new
Bourbon monarchy drew on the French system of modernising the administration and the economy.
Enlightenment ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy. Towards the end of the century trade finally began growing strongly. Military assistance for the rebellious British colonies in the
American War of Independence improved Spain's international standing.
Napoleonic rule and its consequences
In 1793, Spain went to war against the new
French Republic, which had overthrown and executed its Bourbon king,
Louis XVI. The war polarised the country in an apparent reaction against the
gallicised elites. Defeated in the field, Spain made peace with France in 1795 and effectively became a
client state of that country; the following year, it declared war against Britain and Portugal. A disastrous economic situation, along with other factors, led to the
abdication of the Spanish king in favour of
Napoleon's brother,
Joseph Bonaparte.
This new foreign monarch was regarded with scorn. On
May 2,
1808, the people of Madrid began a
nationalist uprising against the French army, marking the beginning of what is known to the Spanish as the War of Independence, and to the English as the
Peninsular War. Napoleon was forced to intervene personally, defeating the Spanish army and Anglo-Portuguese forces. However, further military action by Spanish guerrillas and
Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army, combined with Napoleon's disastrous
invasion of Russia, led to the ousting of the French from Spain in 1814, and the return of
King Ferdinand VII.
The French
invasion proved disastrous for Spain's economy, and left a deeply divided country that was prone to political instability for more than a century. The power struggles of the early 19th century led to the loss of all of Spain's colonies in
Latin America, with the exception of Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Spanish-American War
Amid the instability and economic crisis that afflicted Spain in the 19th century there arose nationalist movements in the Philippines and Cuba. Wars of independence ensued in those colonies and eventually the
United States became involved. Although Spanish military units won respect from American soldiers they fought, for their bravery and skill, the Spanish-American war of 1898 was so badly mismanaged by the highest levels of command and government that it was soon over. "El Desastre", as the war became known in Spain, helped give impetus to the
Generation of 98 who were already conducting much critical analysis concerning the country. It also weakened the stability that had been established during Alfonso XII's reign.
The Twentieth Century
The 20th century brought little peace; Spain played a minor part in the
scramble for Africa, with the colonisation of
Western Sahara,
Spanish Morocco and
Equatorial Guinea. The heavy losses suffered during the
Rif war in Morocco helped to undermine the monarchy. A period of authoritarian rule under General
Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–1931) ended with the establishment of the
Second Spanish Republic. The Republic offered political autonomy to the
Basque Country,
Catalonia and
Galicia and gave voting rights to women.
The bitterly fought
Spanish Civil War (1936-39) ensued. Three years later the Nationalist forces, led by General
Francisco Franco, emerged victorious with the support of Germany and Italy. The Republican side was supported by the Soviet Union and Mexico, but it was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of
Non-Intervention. The Spanish Civil War has been called the
first battle of the
Second World War; under Franco, Spain was neutral in the Second World War though
sympathetic to the Axis.
[Over a hundred thousand highly motivated Spanish Civil War veterans were to give both sides the benefit of their experience throughout the Second World War in Europe, the Eastern Front and North Africa. Many in the French Resistance and French Foreign Legion were Spanish as was the 9th Armoured Company that spearheaded Général Leclerc's 2nd Armoured Division's liberation of Paris. On the other side, some 47,000 Spaniards fought against the Soviet Union in the Wehrmacht's ''División Azul'' (Blue Division).]
The only legal party under
Franco's regime was the
''Falange española tradicionalista y de las JONS'', formed in 1937; the party emphasised anti-Communism,
Catholicism and
nationalism.
After World War II, Spain was politically and economically isolated, and was kept out of the
United Nations until 1955, when it became strategically important for the U.S. to foment a military presence on the Iberian peninsula, next to the Mediterranean Sea and the
Strait of Gibraltar. In the 1960s, Spain registered an unprecedented economic growth in what was called the
Spanish miracle, which gradually transformed it into a modern industrial economy with a thriving tourism sector and a high degree of human development.
Upon the death of General Franco in November 1975,
Prince Juan Carlos assumed the position of king and
head of state. With the approval of the new
Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the arrival of democracy,
political autonomy were established. In the Basque Country, moderate
Basque nationalism coexisted with a radical nationalism supportive of the terrorist group
ETA.
On
February 23 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes and
tried to impose a military-backed government. However, the great majority of the military forces remained loyal to King Juan Carlos, who used his personal authority and addressed the usupers via national TV as commander in chief to put down the bloodless coup attempt.
In 1982, the Spanish Socialist Worker's Party (PSOE) came to power, which represented the return to power of a leftist party after 43 years. In 1986, Spain joined the
European Community (which was to become the
European Union). The PSOE was replaced by the PP after the latter won the 1996 General Elections; at that point the PSOE had served almost 14 consecutive years in office.
21st century
On
January 1,
2002, Spain terminated its historic
peseta currency and replaced it with the
euro, which has become its national currency shared with 13 other countries from the
Eurozone. This culminated in an initial period of growth and economic consolidation,
which has slowed considerably in past years due to rising house prices and the country's large current-account deficit.
On
March 11,
2004, a series of bombs exploded in commuter trains in Madrid, Spain. This act of terror killed 191 people and wounded 1,460 more, besides possibly affecting national elections scheduled for
March 14, three days after the attack. The
Madrid train bombings had an adverse effect on the image of the then-ruling conservative party ''Partido Popular'' (PP) which polls had indicated were likely to win the elections, thus helping the election of Zapatero's ''Partido Socialista Obrero Español'' (PSOE). There were two nights of incidents around the PP headquarters, with the PSOE and other political parties accusing the PP of hiding the truth by saying that the incidents were caused by
ETA even though new evidence that pointed to an Islamic attack started appearing. These incidents are still a cause of discussion, since some factions of the PP suggest that the elections were "stolen" by means of the turmoil which followed the terrorist bombing, which was, according to this point of view, backed by the PSOE.
March 14,
2004, three days after the bombings, saw the
PSOE party elected into government, with Rodríguez Zapatero becoming the new ''Presidente del Gobierno'' or prime minister of Spain thus replacing the former
PP administration.
Politics
Spanish Government
Spain is a
constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary
monarch and a
bicameral parliament, the ''
Cortes Generales''. The
executive branch consists of a
Council of Ministers presided over by the President of Government (comparable to a
prime minister), proposed by the monarch and elected by the National Assembly following legislative elections.
The
legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (''Congreso de los Diputados'') with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and a
Senate or ''Senado'' with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms.
Chief of State
King Juan Carlos I, since November 22 1975
Head of Government
President of the Government: José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, elected 14 March 2004.
First Vice President and Minister of Presidency: María Teresa Fernández de la Vega, elected 14 March 2004.
Second Vice President and Minister of Economy and Finance: Pedro Solbes, elected 14 March 2004.
Cabinet
Council of Ministers (Spanish ''Consejo de Ministros'') designated by the president.
Spain is, at present, what is called a ''
State of Autonomies'', formally unitary but, in fact, functioning as a highly decentralised
Federation of
Autonomous Communities; it is regarded by many as the most
decentralised nation in Europe;
for example, all territories manage their own health and education systems, and other territories (the Basque Country and Navarre) manage their own public finances. In Catalonia and the Basque Country, an autonomous police corps widely replaces the State police functions (see
Mossos d'Esquadra and
Ertzaintza).
The Government of Spain has been involved in a long-running campaign against Basque Fatherland and Liberty (
ETA), a terrorist organisation founded in 1959 in opposition to Franco and dedicated to promoting Basque independence through
violent means. They consider themselves a
guerrilla organisation while they are listed as a
terrorist organisation by both the European Union and the United States on their respective watchlists. The current nationalist-led Basque Autonomous government does not endorse ETA's nationalist violence, which has caused over 800 deaths.
Spanish Constitution
The
Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the culmination of the
Spanish transition to democracy.
The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of 1812. After the death of
Francisco Franco in 1975, a
general election in 1977 convened the ''
Constituent Cortes'' (the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution.
As a result, Spain is now composed entirely of 17 Autonomous Communities and two autonomous cities with varying degrees of autonomy, to the extent that, even though the Constitution does not formally state that Spain is a federation (nor a unitarian state), Spain has a decentralized system in practice.
Foreign relations of Spain
After the return of
democracy following the death of
Franco in 1975,
Spain's
foreign policy priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the Franco years and expand
diplomatic relations, enter the
European Community, and define security relations with the West.
As a member of
NATO since 1982, Spain has established itself as a major participant in multilateral international security activities. Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond
western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political cooperation mechanisms.
With the normalization of diplomatic relations with
North Korea in 2001, Spain completed the process of universalizing its diplomatic relations.
Spain has maintained its special identification with
Latin America. Its policy emphasizes the concept of an Iberoamerican community, essentially the renewal of the historically liberal concept of hispanoamericanismo (or hispanism as it is often referred to in English), which has sought to link the Iberian peninsula with Latin America through language, commerce, history and culture. Spain has been an effective example of transition from dictatorship to democracy, as shown in the many trips that
Spain's King and
Prime Ministers have made to the region.
Territorial disputes
Territory claimed by Spain
Spain has called for the return of
Gibraltar, a small but strategic
British overseas territory or
colony near the
Strait of Gibraltar. In
referendums held in this regard to date, the majority of Gibraltarians have rejected the union with Spain. UN resolutions call on the United Kingdom and Spain, both EU members, to reach an agreement over the status of Gibraltar of a sovereignty of both countries.
Administrative divisions
Spain is divided into 17
autonomous communities (''comunidades autónomas'') and 2
autonomous cities (''ciudades autónomas'') -
Ceuta and
Melilla. These autonomous communities are subdivided into 50
provinces (''provincias'').
Historically, some provinces are also divided into ''
comarcas'' (roughly equivalent to a
US "
county" or an
English district). The lowest administrative division of Spain is the
municipality (''municipio'').
Geography
At 194,884
mi² (504,782
km²), Spain is the world's 51st-largest country. It is comparable in size to
Turkmenistan, and is somewhat larger than the
U.S. state of
California.
On the west, Spain borders
Portugal, on the south, it borders
Gibraltar (a
British overseas territory) and
Morocco, through its cities in North Africa (
Ceuta and
Melilla). On the northeast, along the
Pyrenees mountain range, it borders
France and the tiny
principality of
Andorra. Spain also includes the
Balearic Islands in the
Mediterranean Sea, the
Canary Islands in the
Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the
strait of Gibraltar, known as , such as the
Chafarine islands, the
isle of Alborán, the "rocks" () of
Vélez and
Alhucemas, and the tiny
Isla Perejil. In the northeast along the
Pyrenees, a small
exclave town called
Llívia in
Catalonia is surrounded by
French territory.
Mainland Spain is dominated by high
plateaus and mountain ranges, such as the
Sierra Nevada. Running from these heights are several major rivers such as the
Tajo, the
Ebro, the
Duero, the
Guadiana and the
Guadalquivir.
Alluvial plains are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in
Andalusia.
Due to Spain's geographical situation and orographic conditions, the
climate is extremely diverse; it can be roughly divided in three areas:
The moderate Continental climate takes place in the inland areas of the Peninsula (largest city, Madrid).
The Mediterranean climate region, which roughly extends from the Andalusian plain along the southern and eastern coasts up to the Pyrenees, on the seaward side of the mountain ranges that run near the coast (largest city, Barcelona).
An Oceanic climate takes place in Galicia and the coastal strip by the Bay of Biscay (largest city, Bilbao). This area is often called Green Spain.
Economy
According to the
World Bank, Spain's economy is the ninth largest worldwide and the fifth largest in Europe. As of 2006, the absolute
GDP was valued at $1.084 trillion according to the
CIA Factbook, (see
List of countries by GDP (nominal)). The per capita PPP is estimated at $27,400 (2006), behind the major industrialized nations of the
G7.
The centre-right government of former prime minister
José María Aznar worked successfully to admission to the group of countries launching the
euro in 1999.
Unemployment stood at 7.6% in October 2006, a rate that compares favorably to many other European countries, and which is a marked improvement over rates that exceeded 20% in the early 1990s. Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include high inflation,
["Spain's Economy: Closing the Gap ," in the ''OECD Observer,'' May 2005. Retrieved July 8, 2007.] a large
underground economy,
[Going Underground: America's Shadow Economy , FrontPage magazine, January 2005] and an education system, slated in OECD reports, together with the United States and UK, among the poorest for developed countries.
[OECD report for 2006 ] Nevertheless, it is expected that the Spanish economy will continue growing based on a bigger strength of the industry, the growth of the global economy and the biggest trade with Latin America and Asia.
The Spanish economy is credited for having avoided the virtual zero growth rate of some of its largest partners in the EU.
[ OECD figures ] In fact, the country's economy has created more than half of all the new jobs in the European Union over the five years ending 2005.
[ Economic statistics ] The Spanish economy has thus been regarded lately as one of the most dynamic within the EU, attracting significant amounts of foreign investment.
[Official report on Spanish recent Macroeconomics, including tables and graphics ]
During the last four decades the Spanish tourism industry has grown to become the second biggest in the world
[Global Guru analysis ] worth approximately 40 billion Euros in 2006
[ Bank of Spain economic report .] More recently, the Spanish economy has benefited greatly from the
global real estate boom, with construction representing 16% of GDP and 12% of employment.
According to calculations by the German newspaper ''
Die Welt'', Spain is on pace to overtake countries like Germany in per capita income by 2011.
[http://www.europeanfoundation.org/docs/id210.pdf] However, the downside of this has been a corresponding rise in the levels of personal debt; as prospective homeowners struggle to meet asking prices, so the average level of household debt has tripled in less than a decade. Among lower income groups, the median ratio of indebtedness to income was 125% in 2005.
[Bank of Spain Economic Bulletin 07/2005 ]
Demography
In 2007 Spain officially reached 45 million people
[http://www.ine.es/prensa/np457.pdf][ Elpais.com ] registered at the ''Padrón municipal'', an official record analogous to the British
Register office. Spain's population density, at 87.8/km² (220/sq. mile), is lower than that of most Western European countries and its distribution along the country is very unequal. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital,
Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast.
The population of Spain doubled during the twentieth century, due to the spectacular demographic boom by the 60's and early 70's. The pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural interior to the industrial cities during the 60's and 70's. No fewer than eleven of Spain's fifty provinces saw an absolute decline in population over the century. Then, after the
birth rate plunged in the 80's and Spain's population became stalled, a new population increase started based initially in the return of many
Spanish who emigrated to other European countries during the 70's and, more recently, it has been boosted by the large figures of foreign
immigrants, mostly from
Latin America (38.75%),
Eastern Europe (16.33%),
North Africa (14.99%) and
Sub-Saharan Africa (4.08%).
[Instituto Nacional de Estadística ] In 2005, Spain instituted a 3-month amnesty program through which certain hitherto undocumented aliens were granted legal residency. Also some important pockets of population coming from other countries in the European Union are found (20.77% of the foreign residents), specially along the Mediterranean ''costas'' and Balearic islands, where many choose to live their retirement or even
telework. These are mostly English, French, German, and Dutch from fellow EU countries and, from outside the EU, Norwegian.
Immigration in Spain
According to the Spanish government there were 3.7 million foreign residents in Spain in 2005; independent estimates put the figure at 4.8 million people, or 11% of the total population (Red Cross, World Disasters Report 2006). According to residence permit data for 2005, about 500,000 were
Moroccan, another 500,000 were
Ecuadorian, more than 200,000 were
Romanian, and 260,000 were
Colombian. Other important foreign communities are
British (8.09%),
French (8.03%),
Argentine (6.10%),
German (5.58%) and
Bolivian (2.63%). In 2005, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people. Since 2000, Spain has experienced high
population growth as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving clandestinely by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.
[Instituto Nacional de Estadística: Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2006. Datos provisionales ][Immigration Shift: Many Latin Americans Choosing Spain Over U.S. ][Spain: Immigrants Welcome ][Immigrants Fuel Europe's Civilization Clash ][Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs ]
Based on 2004 figures
[Eurostat - Population in Europe in 2005 ] Within the EU Spain has the second highest immigration rate in ''percentage'' terms (after
Cyprus), but by a great margin the highest in actual numbers of immigrants.
There are a number of reasons to explain this, including Spain's cultural ties with
Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its submerged economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce. Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain has been Europe's largest absorber of migrants for the past six years, with its immigrant population increasing fourfold as 2.8 million people have arrived. According to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for West Europeans considering to move from their own country and seek jobs elsewhere in the EU.
http://international.ibox.bg/news/id_1406161495 (see
Immigration to Spain).
Minority groups
In the 16th century, a famous minority group, the
Gitanos (Gypsies), a
Roma people group, began to arrive in Spain.
Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies (especially
Equatorial Guinea) and immigrants from several
Sub-Saharan and
Caribbean countries have been recently settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of
Asian immigrants, most of whom are of
Chinese,
Filipino,
Middle Eastern,
Pakistani and
Indian origins; Spaniards of Latin American descent are sizeable as well and a fast growing segment. Other growing groups are
Britons (761,000 in 2006),
Germans and other immigrants from western and Eastern Europe.
[ Immigration statistics .]
After the 19th century, some Jews established themselves in Spain as a result of migration from former
Spanish Morocco, escape from Nazi repression, and
immigration from Argentina. Spanish law allows
Sephardi Jews
to claim Spanish citizenship.
Most populous Urban Regions
#
Madrid 5,943,041
#
Barcelona 5,327,872
#
Valencia 1,623,724
#
Sevilla 1,317,098
#
Málaga 1,074,074
#
Bilbao 946,829
Identities
Peoples
The
Spanish Constitution of 1978, in its second article, recognises historic entities ("nationalities“, a carefully chosen word in order to avoid the more politically loaded "nations") and regions, inside the unity of the Spanish nation. Spain's identity is for some people more an overlap of different regional identities than a sole Spanish identity. Indeed, some of the regional identities may be even in conflict with the Spanish one.
It is this last feature of "shared identity" between the more local level or Autonomous Community and the Spanish level which makes the identity question in Spain complex and far from univocal.
Languages
The Spanish Constitution, although affirming the sovereignty of the Spanish Nation, recognises historical nationalities.
Castillan Spanish, known to most English-speakers as simply "Spanish" (called both and in the language itself) is the official language throughout Spain, but other
regional languages are also spoken, and are the primary languages in some of their respective geographies. The following languages are, in the territories where they are spoken, co-official with Spanish according to the respective
Autonomy Statutes.
Aranese () (Occitan)
Asturian (), which has more unofficial dialects as Astur-Leonese in León and Zamora provinces.
Note: Asturian is not co-official in
Asturies but the Statute of Autonomy of the
Principality of Asturias promote its use,
[http://www.jgpa.es/portal.do?TR=C&IDR=45] and some municipalities of Asturies has declared themselves as co-official places, like the city of
Gijón, which changed its name to
Gijón/Xixón.
[New place names of some Asturian municipalities. They come from Asturian language traditional names ][http://www.gijon.es/Contenido.aspx?area=110&leng=es&id=32326]
Basque ().
Catalan (), which is known as Valencian in the Autonomous Community of Valencia.
Galician ().
There are also some other surviving
Romance minority languages such as
Astur-Leonese,
Leonese,
Extremaduran,
Cantabrian,
Aragonese, and others. Unlike Aranese, Basque, Catalan/Valencian and Galician, these do not have any official status because of their very small number of speakers or because of lack of political will in the regions they are spoken.
[Ethnologue report of Spain and map from Proel.org ]
In the tourist areas of the Mediterranean coast and the islands, English and German are widely spoken by tourists, foreign residents, and tourism workers.
Religion
Although Chapter 2 of the Constitution states that no religion shall have a state character,
Roman Catholicism is the main religion in the country. About 76% of Spaniards self-identify as Catholics, about 2% with another religious faith, and about 19% identify as non-religious. A study conducted in October 2006 by the Spanish Centre of Sociological Investigations
[Centre of Sociological Investigations, questions 32 and 32a ] shows that from the 76% of Spaniards who identify as Catholics or other religious faith, 54% hardly ever or never go to church, 15% go to church some times a year, 10% some time per month and 19% every Sunday or multiple times per week. About 22% of the whole Spanish population attend religious services at least once a month.
Evidence of the secular nature of contemporary Spain can be seen in the widespread support for the legalisation of
same-sex marriage in Spain — over 66% of Spaniards support gay marriage according to a 2004 study by the Centre of Sociological Investigations.
[Centre of Sociological Investigations ] Indeed, in June 2005 a bill was passed by 187 votes to 147 to allow gay marriage, making Spain the third country in the European Union to allow same-sex couples to marry after
Belgium and the
Netherlands.
Protestant denominations are also present, all of them with less than 50,000 members.
Evangelism has been better received among
Gypsies than among the general population; pastors have integrated
flamenco music in their liturgy. Taken together, all self-described "Evangelicals" slightly surpass
Jehovah's Witnesses (105,000) in number. While not Protestants, about 35,000 residents of Spain are members of the
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (
Mormons).
The recent waves of
immigration have led to an increasing number of
Muslims, who have about 1 million members.
Muslims had not lived in Spain for centuries; however, colonial expansion in Northern and Western Africa gave some number of residents in the
Spanish Morocco and the
Sahara Occidental full citizenship. Presently,
Islam is the second largest religion in Spain, accounting for approximately 3% of the total population.
Along with these waves of immigration, an important number of Latin American people, who are usually strong Catholic practitioners, have helped the Catholic Church to recover.
Judaism was practically non-existent until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 50,000 Jews in Spain, all arrivals in the past century and accounting less than 1% of the total number of inhabitants. Spain is believed to have been about 8%
Jewish on the eve of the
Spanish Inquisition.
Culture
Spain is a largely mountainous country in the southwest of Europe, consisting of various geographically diverse regions and known for its culturally diverse heritage, having been influenced by many nations and peoples throughout its history.
The
Spanish culture has roots in
Celtiberian,
Latin,
Visigothic,
Roman Catholicism, in minority way,
Islam, and an ongoing tension between the centralized state (dominated in recent centuries by
Castile) and numerous regions and minority peoples. In addition, the history of the nation and its Mediterranean and Atlantic environment have played strong roles in shaping its culture.
Spain is, after
Italy, the country with the second highest number of
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the world, with a total of 40.
Education in Spain
The framework of Education in Spain is described in this article. State Education in Spain is free and compulsory from 6 to 16 years. The current education system is called LOGSE (''Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo'').
Spanish art
Spanish art is an important and influential type of art in Europe. Spanish art is the name given to the artistic disciplines and works developed in Spain throughout time, and those by Spanish authors world-wide. Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Moorish heritage in Spain, especially in
Andalusia is still evident today in cities like
Córdoba,
Seville, and
Granada. European influences include
Italy,
Germany and
France, especially during the
Baroque and
Neoclassical periods.
Spanish literature
Spanish literature is the name given to the literary works written in Spain throughout time, and those by Spanish authors world-wide. Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish literature has known a great number of influences and it is very diverse. Some major movements can be identified within it.
Spanish architecture
Spanish architecture refers to
architecture carried out during any era in what is now modern-day
Spain, and by Spanish architects worldwide. The term includes buildings within the current geographical limits of Spain before this name was given to those territories (whether they were called
Hispania,
Al-Andalus, or were formed of several Christian kingdoms). Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences.
For example,
Cordoba was established as the cultural Capital of its time under the
Umayyad dynasty. Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms gradually emerged and developed their own styles, at first mostly isolated from European architectural influences, and later integrated into
Romanesque and
Gothic streams, they reached an extraordinary peak with numerous samples along the whole territory. The
Mudéjar style, from the 12th to 17th centuries, was characterised by the blending of cultural European and Arabic influences.
The arrival of
Modernism in the academic arena produced figures such as
Gaudí and much of the architecture of the twentieth century. The
International style was led by groups like
GATEPAC. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in
contemporary architecture and
Spanish architects like
Rafael Moneo,
Santiago Calatrava,
Ricardo Bofill as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.
Music of Spain
Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with
flamenco, an Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region. Various regional styles of folk music abound in
Aragon,
Catalonia and
Castile. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.
Spanish cuisine
Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep
Mediterranean roots.
Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine.
Sports in Spain
Sport in Spain has been traditionally dominated by
football (soccer) (since the early 20th century),
cycling and
bullfighting (since the 17th century). Today, Spain is a major world sports power, especially since the
1992 Summer Olympics that were hosted in
Barcelona and promoted a great variety of sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for
water sports,
golf and
skiing.
Public holidays in Spain
Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious (
Roman Catholic), national and regional observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14
public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally.
See also
References
Further reading
John Hickman and Chris Little, "Seat/Vote Proportionality in Romanian and Spanish Parliamentary Elections", ''Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans'' Volume 2, Number 2, November 2000.
Harold Raley, "The Spirit of Spain", Houston: Halcyon Press 2001. (ISBN 0-9706054-9-8)
George Orwell's ''Homage to Catalonia''.
External links